|
Arranged marriage is a type of marital union where the bride and groom are selected by a third party rather than by each other.〔 It was common worldwide until the 18th century.〔 In more recent times, arranged marriage is common in South Asia, Africa,〔WIEN, A. F. I. (The Other Face of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): MORAL AND SOCIAL ELEMENTS ); AFRICAN WOMEN’S ORGANIZATION (OCTOBER 2003), Vienna, Austria; page 15-16〕〔(Voluntarism and Marriage ); UNFPA, United Nations Population Fund (2011); see Child Marriage section〕 the Middle East,〔Alan H. Bittles, Hanan A. Hamamy (2010), Genetic Disorders Among Arab Populations, in Endogamy and Consanguineous Marriage in Arab Populations (Editor: Ahmad Teebi), ISBN 978-3-642-05079-4, pages 85-108〕〔Somervill, Barbara (2007). Teens in Egypt. Capstone; ISBN 978-0756532949; page 41-43, 57〕 Latin America,〔〔Sloan, Kathryn (2011). Women's Roles in Latin America and the Caribbean, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-0313381089〕 Southeast Asia〔Hatfield, E., Rapson, R. L., & Martel, L. D. (2007), Passionate love and sexual desire, Handbook of cultural psychology, S. Kitayama & D. Cohen (Eds.), New York: Guilford Press; pages 760-779〕 and parts of East Asia;〔Batabyal, A. A. (2001). On the likelihood of finding the right partner in an arranged marriage. Journal of Socio-Economics, 30(3), pages 273-280〕〔Adams, B. N. (2004). Families and family study in international perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(5), pages 1076-1088〕 elsewhere in developed countries, arranged marriage has continued in some royal families,〔Margaret Evans, The Diana Phenomenon: Reaction in the East Midlands, Folklore, Volume 109, Issue 1-2, 1998, pages 101-103; Quote: "Diana Spencer was of the ancient British royal bloodline. Her arranged marriage to Charles had been engineered to re-introduce this ancient bloodline and legitimise the House of Windsor."〕 parts of Japan,〔Arnett & Taber (1994), Adolescence terminable and interminable: When does adolescence end?, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23(5), pp 517-537; Quote - "In Japan, for example, even in modern times close to half of marriages are reported to be arranged (known as miai marriages)"〕 among immigrant and minority ethnic groups.〔(a) Ralph Grillo (2011), Marriages, arranged and forced: the UK debate; in Gender, Generations and the Family in International Migration, (Editors: Albert Kraler, Eleonore Kofman, Martin Kohli, Camille Schmoll), ISBN 978-9089642851, pp 77-78; Quote - "Arranged and forced marriages among immigrant and minority ethnic groups has been widely debated across Europe"; (b) Christian Joppke (2004), The retreat of multiculturalism in the liberal state: theory and policy, The British Journal of Sociology, 55(2), pp 237-257〕 Other groups that practice this custom include the Unification Church. Arranged marriage should not be confused with the practice of forced marriage such as ''vani''. In an arranged marriage, while the meeting of the spouses is arranged by family members, relatives or friends, the spouses agree of their own free will to marry. By contrast, in a forced marriage, one or both spouses are coerced into the marriage - the union takes place without their freely given consent (under duress, threats, psychological pressure etc.).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC - Ethics: Forced Marriage )〕 Arranged marriage differs from ''autonomous marriage'' - called ''love marriage'' in some parts of the world - where the individuals find and select their own spouses; arranged marriages, in contrast, are usually set up by the parents or an older family member. In some cases, arranged marriage involves a matchmaker such as priest or religious leader, matrimonial site, mutual friends or a trusted third party. Arranged marriages vary in nature and in how much time passes between first introduction and engagement. In an "introduction only" arranged marriage, also known as quasi-arranged〔 Vaillant, N. G., & Harrant, V. (2008). Determinants of the likelihood of finding the right partner in an arranged marriage: Evidence from a French matchmaking agency, The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(2), pages 657-671〕 marriages or assisted〔(Force Marriage ) Staffordshire County Council, United Kingdom〕 marriages, the parents or guardians introduce a potential spouse. From that point on, it is up to the two individuals to develop the relationship and make a final choice. There is no set time period. This is increasingly common in Japan, parts of Latin America and Africa, South Asia and East Asia. ==History== Arranged marriages were very common throughout the world until the 18th century.〔Jodi O'Brien (2008), Encyclopedia of Gender and Society, Volume 1, SAGE Publications, page 40-42, ISBN 978-1412909167〕 Typically, marriages everywhere were arranged by parents, grandparents or other relatives. Some historical exceptions are known, such as courtship and betrothal rituals during Renaissance period of Italy〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Courtship and Betrothal in the Italian Renaissance )〕 and Gandharva marriages in Vedic period of India.〔The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, James G. Lochtefeld (2001), ISBN 978-0823931798, Page 427〕 In China, arranged marriages (baoban hunyin, 包辦婚姻) - sometimes called blind marriages (manghun, 盲婚) - were the norm before the mid 20th century. A marriage was a negotiation and decision between parents and other older members of two families. The boy and girl, were typically told to get married, without a right to consent, even if they had never met each other until the wedding day.〔Fricke, Chang, and Yang. (1994). Historical and Ethnographic Perspectives on the Chinese family. Social Change and the Family in Taiwan. Arland Thornton and Lin, Hui-Sheng. Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press: 22-48〕〔(Pan, Rong (2004), Why Being Single? ), Lund University (Sweden), Centre for Asian studies〕〔(Gender, Marriage and Migration - Mainland China and Taiwan ) Melody Chia-Wen Lu (2008), Leiden University〕 Arranged marriages were the norm in Russia before the early 20th century, most of which were endogamous.〔Hutton, M. J. (2001). Russian and West European Women, 1860-1939: Dreams, Struggles, and Nightmares. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; see Chapter 1〕 Until the first half of the 20th century, arranged marriages were common in migrant families in the United States.〔 They were sometimes called ''picture-bride marriages'' among Japanese American immigrants because the bride and groom knew each other only through the exchange of photographs before the day of their marriage. These marriages among immigrants were typically arranged by parents, or relatives from the country of their origin. As immigrants settled in and melded into a new culture, arranged marriages shifted first to quasi-arranged marriages where parents or friends made introductions and the couple met before the marriage; over time, the marriages among the descendants of these immigrants shifted to autonomous marriages driven by individual's choice, dating and courtship preferences, along with an increase in interracial marriages.〔Harry Reis and Susan Sprecher, Encyclopedia of Human Relationships, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-1412958462, pages 113-117〕〔Ghimire et al. (2006), Social change, premartial family experience and spouse choice in an arranged marriage society, American Journal of Sociology, 111, pages 1181-1218〕 Similar historical dynamics are claimed in other parts of the world.〔Xiaohe and Whyte (1990), Love matches and arranged marriages: A Chinese replication, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, pages 709-722〕〔Tekce (2004), Paths of marriage in Istanbul: arranging choices and choice in arrangements, Ethnography, 5, pages 173-201〕 Arranged marriages have declined in prosperous countries with social mobility, ascendancy of individualism and the nuclear family; nevertheless, arranged marriages are still seen in countries of Europe and North America, among royal families, aristocrats and minority religious groups such as in placement marriage among Fundamentalist Mormon groups of the United States. In most other parts of the world, arranged marriages continue to varying degrees and increasingly in quasi-arranged form, along with autonomous marriages.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arranged marriage」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|